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WhatsApp Blocks Nearly 200,000 Accounts in Pakistan News

WhatsApp Blocks Nearly 200,000 Accounts in Pakistan

If you use WhatsApp in Pakistan, you’ve probably seen the news. Meta has blocked about 176,000 WhatsApp accounts linked to recycled mobile numbers, after a request from the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA). That is close to 200,000 accounts, which is why the headline sounds so big. This guide explains what happened and why it matters. It also covers the simple steps that keep your own account safe. I’ve kept it plain and practical, so you can use it today. What Happened and What the Numbers Say The story started to take shape in the middle of 2026. PTA began warning people that WhatsApp accounts tied to inactive or cancelled SIMs could be blocked. By late October, PTA confirmed the blocking had started. On November 6, 2026, news outlets reported that Meta had shut down 176,000 accounts on PTA’s request. Here are the key facts in one place. Key Facts at a Glance Detail What was reported Accounts blocked About 176,000 Who asked for it Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) Who acted Meta, the company that owns WhatsApp Reason Fraud through accounts on recycled or inactive numbers Recycled numbers held by operators Around 16 million Numbers PTA shared with Meta so far Around 10 million I want to be clear about one thing. The figure in the reports is 176,000, not exactly 200,000. “Nearly 200,000” is a fair way to describe it, but I won’t round it up and call it fact. Good content, and good journalism, sticks to the numbers that were published. The Timeline in Simple Words First came the warnings. PTA told users to keep their WhatsApp linked to active numbers. Then came the first blocks, which followed an awareness campaign. Finally, Meta confirmed the large batch of 176,000 accounts. So this wasn’t a sudden move. People were told ahead of time, even if many never saw the message. What Does “WhatsApp Blocks Nearly 200,000 Accounts in Pakistan” Really Mean for You? Let’s start with the good news. If you use your own active SIM and you log in to WhatsApp regularly, this action was not aimed at you. The blocked accounts were attached to numbers that had been deactivated, cancelled, or left unused. Still, the story matters for everyone. Your phone number is the key to your WhatsApp account. If that number slips away from you, so does your account. And when a number slips away, someone else may end up holding it. Who Is Most Likely to Be Affected You should pay attention if any of these fit you: Most of us know at least one person like this. Maybe you’re that person. A few minutes of checking can save you a lot of trouble later. What Are Recycled Mobile Numbers? You don’t need to be a tech expert to understand this. A recycled number is a phone number that used to belong to one person and was later given to someone else. Here’s how it works. You buy a SIM, and the number is yours. If the SIM stays unused for a long time, or the connection gets cancelled, the telecom company can take that number back. Later, it may hand the same number to a brand new customer. Why Recycling Happens Phone numbers are limited, and a country can’t make them forever. Telecom companies reuse numbers to make good use of what they have. Recycling is normal, and it happens all over the world. Why It Becomes a Problem for WhatsApp The trouble starts because WhatsApp ties your account to your number. If you never moved your account away from a dead number, it can stay linked to it. When the new owner of that number signs up, they may get access to a profile with the old owner’s name, photo, and sometimes contacts or chat links. That is a real privacy risk. It is also an opening for fraud. Why PTA Moved Against These Accounts PTA said it had received complaints about scams run through WhatsApp accounts on inactive or cancelled numbers. According to officials, these numbers were being reused, and that gave some people a way to exploit accounts linked to earlier subscribers. The Cyber Fraud Angle Think about how a scam works. A fraudster wants people to trust the message they get. An account with an old history, an old profile picture, and a link to real contacts looks believable. That helps scammers. They can ask for money, share fake links, or pretend to be someone you know. By blocking accounts on recycled numbers, PTA is trying to close that door. Officials described the plan as a way to reduce cyber fraud and strengthen safeguards for users. A Consumer Protection Move The authority framed the step as a safety measure for ordinary people. It’s easy to see the logic. If a number no longer belongs to the person who started the account, nobody can be sure who is behind it. Blocking those accounts removes that doubt. How Meta and PTA Are Working Together This wasn’t a one-time action. The two sides have agreed on a way to keep going. The Monthly Data-Sharing Plan Reports say PTA will share details of 5,000 recycled numbers with Meta every month. Accounts tied to those numbers will then be blocked in phases. The idea is to work through the long list step by step instead of all at once. The numbers are large. Telecom operators hold around 16 million recycled numbers, and PTA has already passed details of 10 million to Meta for checking. That tells us this is a long project, not a quick fix. Why Phased Blocking Makes Sense Doing it in steps gives everyone time to check the data. It also gives users more time to update their numbers before their accounts are touched. For a country with so many WhatsApp users, a careful rollout is usually safer than a sudden sweep. A Separate Incident: When Real Users Got Locked Out It’s worth keeping two stories apart, because people mix them up.

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Petrol and Diesel Prices in Pakistan News

Pakistan Petrol Price Today: Rates Reduced by Rs. 5.45

If you ride a bike, drive a car, or run a small business, you know how a few rupees per litre can change your monthly budget. So when the government cut petrol prices, people noticed fast. The government reduced the petrol price by Rs5.45 per litre, from Rs293.94 to Rs288.49, for the next fortnight. Let’s break down what that means for your wallet, your commute, and your daily life. What Does “Pakistan Petrol Price Today: Rates Reduced by Rs. 5.45” Mean for You? Simply put, every litre of petrol now costs you Rs. 5.45 less than before. That sounds small, but it adds up quickly if you fill your tank often. The Short Answer The new petrol price in Pakistan is Rs. 288.49 per litre. The cut applied to the upcoming fortnight and began on May 1. The decision came after the Finance Division reviewed global oil trends and the advice of the regulator. Think of it as a small gift on every fill-up. You may not feel rich, but you will feel the relief at the pump. New Petrol Rate at a Glance Here is the simple table that shows the change. Product Old Price (per litre) New Price (per litre) Change Petrol Rs. 293.94 Rs. 288.49 − Rs. 5.45 The drop works out to about 1.85 percent. It is modest, yet it is a welcome change after the previous review went the other way. A fortnight earlier, the government had raised petrol by Rs4.53 and diesel by Rs8.14 per litre. In other words, this cut gave back most of that petrol increase. Why Did the Government Cut Petrol Prices? People often ask, “Who decides these rates, and why do they change so often?” Let me explain in plain words. Global Oil Prices Moved Down Pakistan buys most of its fuel from other countries. So when crude oil gets cheaper in the world market, our local rates have room to fall. The finance ministry said the cut came because of price changes in the international market. When oil costs less abroad, importing it costs less at home. OGRA Gives Its Advice The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority, known as OGRA, studies the market and sends a price summary to the government. The decision followed the recommendations of OGRA. The federal government then approves the final rate and the Finance Division issues the notification. Exchange Rate and Taxes Matter Too Oil is bought in US dollars. If the rupee gets stronger, fuel gets cheaper to import. If it weakens, fuel costs more. Taxes also play a big part. The petroleum levy and other charges sit on top of the base price, so the final rate you pay is never just the cost of oil. How Much Will You Save? Let’s do the math, because numbers make things clear. That is the saving on a single fill-up. Over a whole year of regular fuel use, small cuts like this can mean thousands of rupees. For Bike Riders A typical motorbike tank holds around 10 to 12 litres. A full tank now costs about Rs. 55 to Rs. 65 less than it did before the cut. If you fill up once a week, that is a few hundred rupees back in your pocket every month. It could pay for your lunch on a few workdays. For Car Owners If you drive to work every day, you may burn 40 to 60 litres a fortnight. At that level, the Rs. 5.45 cut saves you roughly Rs. 220 to Rs. 330 in each pricing period. Families who travel between cities will notice even more. Other Fuel Prices Also Came Down Petrol was not the only product to get cheaper. The government reduced the rates of several fuels in the same review. Fuel Price Changes in Pakistan: Petrol, Diesel, Kerosene and LDO Product Change per Litre New Price Petrol (Motor Spirit) − Rs. 5.45 Rs. 288.49 High-Speed Diesel (HSD) − Rs. 8.42 Rs. 281.96 Kerosene Oil − Rs. 8.74 Revised Light Diesel Oil (LDO) − Rs. 5.63 Revised High-speed diesel fell from Rs290.38 to Rs281.96 per litre. Kerosene dropped by Rs8.74 per litre, and light diesel oil by Rs5.63. Diesel matters a lot here, because trucks, buses, and tractors run on it. A cheaper diesel rate can help lower transport costs across the country. How Does the Fortnightly Pricing System Work? Many readers ask why prices change every two weeks. Here is how it works. The Review Cycle The government announces new petroleum prices every two weeks, and these prices follow global oil trends, currency changes, and local taxes. The new rates usually start on the 1st and the 16th of each month. OGRA sends its summary a day or two earlier, so you will often hear news of a likely increase or cut before it becomes official. Why Early Reports Can Differ Sometimes news channels share expected numbers before the final decision. That is just what happened here. Media reports a week earlier had suggested a petrol cut of Rs4.88 per litre. The final cut turned out larger at Rs. 5.45. So always wait for the official notification before you trust a number. How Will This Affect Daily Life? Fuel touches almost everything we buy and do. A small drop at the pump can send small ripples through the economy. Transport and Travel Rickshaw drivers, van owners, and ride-hailing riders spend a big share of their income on fuel. A lower rate gives them a little breathing room. Some may even keep fares steady instead of raising them, which helps passengers too. Food and Grocery Costs Vegetables, fruit, and flour all travel by road before they reach your kitchen. When diesel gets cheaper, the cost of moving goods can ease. Please note that shop prices do not always fall right away. Sellers often take time to adjust, so don’t expect a big change overnight. Small Business Owners Shop owners who deliver orders, and farmers who run tube wells and tractors, also benefit. Lower

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Lahore Becomes World’s Most Polluted City as Smog Worsens News

Lahore Becomes World’s Most Polluted City as Smog Worsens

If you woke up this week with itchy eyes and a scratchy throat, you are not alone. A gray, heavy haze is sitting over Lahore again, and the numbers are not pretty. Lahore was ranked the world’s most polluted major city on a recent morning, with an Air Quality Index (AQI) of 296 at 10am on October 28, as smog thickened with the colder weather. Let’s talk about what is going on, why it keeps happening, and what you can do about it today. dawn Why Did Lahore Become World’s Most Polluted City as Smog Worsens? Short answer: a perfect storm. Lahore sits in a flat region where polluted air has nowhere to go once winter arrives. Add thousands of vehicles, factories, crop fires, and construction dust, and the air turns toxic fast. Think of it like a pot with the lid on. Every day, new smoke and dust go in. In winter, the lid (cold, still air) stays shut, so the pollution builds up. That is why the air quality index climbs from “unhealthy” to “hazardous” in just a few weeks. How the Smog Season Builds Up In early October, the air is usually only moderately bad. On October 2, Lahore topped IQAir’s list with an AQI of 167, which is “unhealthy.” By late October, readings were far higher. The jump happens because temperatures drop, winds slow down, and farmers in the region clear their fields by burning leftover crop stalks. dawn What Does an AQI Number Actually Mean? You hear numbers like 296 or 394 on the news, but what do they tell you? The AQI is a simple scale that shows how clean or dirty the air is. A Quick Guide to the Scale The US Environmental Protection Agency treats air as satisfactory when the AQI is under 50. So when Lahore crosses 300, the air is many times worse than what experts call safe. It is not just uncomfortable. It is a real health risk. Why PM2.5 Is the Real Villain Most of the danger comes from PM2.5, which are tiny particles about 30 times thinner than a human hair. You cannot see them one by one, but you breathe them in all the same. They slip deep into your lungs and can even enter your bloodstream. Last November, IQAir noted that Lahore’s PM2.5 level was 54.4 times higher than the World Health Organization’s yearly guideline. That is a staggering gap, and it shows this is not a one-time problem. The Main Causes Behind Lahore’s Smog Problem No single thing causes smog. It is a mix of daily habits, industry, and weather. Let’s break down the biggest culprits. Vehicle Exhaust and Traffic Jams Lahore has millions of cars, motorcycles, rickshaws, and trucks. Many run on old engines and low-quality fuel. Every traffic jam pumps out clouds of vehicular emissions. When you sit in traffic on Ferozepur Road or Mall Road, you are breathing it all in. Industrial Smoke and Brick Kilns Factories and brick kilns around the city burn coal, wood, and even rubber to save money. Their chimneys release black smoke, sulfur, and fine dust. Some small industries have no filters at all. Much of this pollution goes unchecked because inspecting hundreds of sites is hard work. Crop Residue Burning After harvest, many farmers burn leftover rice stalks to clear land fast. It is cheap, but the smoke travels for miles. Add to that smoke coming from fields across the border, and the whole region gets covered. Easterly winds have been pushing polluted air from India’s border areas into Lahore, making the smog worse across central Punjab. Construction Dust and Open Waste Burning New roads, plazas, and housing projects kick up loads of dust. On top of that, people burn garbage in empty plots and on street corners. It seems harmless, but plastic and trash release toxic fumes. These small fires add up across a city of more than 13 million people. How Weather Turns Pollution into Thick Smog Why does the problem peak between October and January? The answer is a weather trick called temperature inversion. The Lid Effect in Winter Normally, warm air near the ground rises and carries pollution up and away. In winter, a layer of warm air traps cold air underneath, like a blanket. The smoke and dust stay stuck near the ground, right where you breathe. With low wind speed, nothing blows the dirty air away. Why Mornings Feel the Worst Mornings and late nights are the most dangerous hours. The air is coldest and calmest then, so pollution settles low. That is why many people notice thick haze when they leave for work or school. If you can, plan outdoor errands for the afternoon, when the air is usually a bit better. How Smog Affects Your Health Let’s be honest. Smog is not just a nuisance. It affects almost everyone in the city, from toddlers to grandparents. Short-Term Effects You May Notice These symptoms often show up within hours of heavy exposure. Hospitals in Lahore usually see more patients with chest and breathing problems during smog season. Long-Term Risks You Should Know About Breathing dirty air year after year raises the risk of respiratory disease, heart problems, and stroke. It can slow lung growth in children and may hurt unborn babies. Doctors also link long-term exposure to lung cancer. This is why health experts take smog so seriously. Who Is Most at Risk Children, pregnant women, older adults, and people with asthma or heart conditions are hit hardest. Outdoor workers, like traffic wardens, street vendors, and delivery riders, also face daily exposure with little protection. What the Government Is Doing About It Officials in Punjab have not ignored the crisis. In recent years, the province has tried several steps. In past seasons, authorities declared smog emergencies and the courts pushed for action as readings crossed 400. Anti-Smog Operations and New Rules Punjab ran its first anti-smog gun operation last year, spraying fine water mist across the city

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dollar-rate-in-pakistan-today Education News

Dollar Rate in Pakistan Today, November 2, 2026 – Latest USD to PKR Update

The US dollar rate in Pakistan today, November 2, 2026, remained relatively stable as the Pakistani rupee recorded a small gain against the US dollar in the interbank market. According to market reports, the Pakistani rupee closed at Rs276.72 against the US dollar, compared with the previous closing rate of Rs276.75. This represents an appreciation of approximately 3 paisa. In the open market, currency exchange companies quoted the US dollar at Rs277.55 for buying and Rs280.05 for selling. The latest exchange rates are important for people sending or receiving international payments, overseas Pakistanis, importers, exporters and businesses dealing in foreign currencies. Dollar Rate in Pakistan Today – November 2, 2026 The following table shows the reported US dollar exchange rates in Pakistan on Monday, November 2, 2026. Exchange Market Buying Rate Selling Rate Interbank Market Rs276.72* Rs276.72* Open Market Rs277.55 Rs280.05 Rs276.72 is the reported interbank closing rate, not a separate buying and selling quotation. Latest market update: These figures are reported market rates. Actual exchange prices may vary between banks and authorised exchange companies. Pakistani Rupee Gains Around 3 Paisa Against US Dollar The Pakistani rupee recorded a modest improvement against the US dollar during Monday’s interbank trading session. The dollar closed at Rs276.72, compared with Rs276.75 in the previous session. The difference represents a gain of approximately 3 paisa for the Pakistani rupee. Although the movement was relatively small, it reflected a positive change in the local currency’s value against the US dollar. In the open market, exchange companies quoted the dollar at Rs277.55 for buying and Rs280.05 for selling, according to the reported rates. The difference between interbank and open-market quotations is important because customers do not necessarily receive the same exchange rate available in the banking market. Interbank vs Open Market Dollar Rate in Pakistan There are two commonly reported exchange rates in Pakistan: the interbank rate and the open-market rate. Understanding the difference can help people make better decisions when exchanging foreign currency. What Is the Interbank Dollar Rate? The interbank exchange rate refers to transactions between banks and other eligible financial institutions. It is influenced by foreign currency demand and supply, banking transactions and broader financial market conditions. The interbank closing rate on November 2, 2026, was Rs276.72 per US dollar. What Is the Open Market Dollar Rate? The open-market exchange rate is quoted by authorised currency exchange companies for customer transactions. It generally includes a difference between buying and selling prices. On November 2, 2026, the reported open-market rates were: The buying rate is the price an exchange company offers when purchasing dollars from a customer. The selling rate is the price charged when selling dollars to a customer. Actual rates can differ by location, exchange company and transaction conditions. How Much Is 100 US Dollars in Pakistani Rupees? Using the reported interbank closing rate of Rs276.72, the following calculations show the equivalent value of common US dollar amounts. US Dollar Amount Equivalent in PKR $1 Rs276.72 $10 Rs2,767.20 $50 Rs13,836 $100 Rs27,672 $500 Rs138,360 $1,000 Rs276,720 $5,000 Rs1,383,600 Note: These calculations use the interbank closing rate for reference. They do not represent guaranteed cash exchange amounts. Actual customer transactions may use different buying or selling rates. What Factors Affect the Dollar Rate in Pakistan? The USD to PKR exchange rate changes due to several economic and financial factors. Some of the most important factors include the following. 1. Foreign Exchange Reserves Pakistan’s foreign exchange reserves play an important role in maintaining financial stability. Higher reserves can help strengthen confidence in the country’s ability to meet international payment obligations. Changes in reserves may also influence market expectations about the rupee. 2. Imports and Exports Pakistan needs foreign currency to pay for imported products, including petroleum, machinery and industrial materials. When demand for dollars increases because of higher import payments, pressure on the local currency can increase. On the other hand, export earnings bring foreign currency into the country and can support the supply of dollars. 3. Overseas Pakistani Remittances Money sent by overseas Pakistanis is an important source of foreign exchange. Remittances from countries such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States contribute to Pakistan’s foreign currency inflows. Changes in remittance levels can influence the balance between foreign currency supply and demand. 4. International Oil Prices Pakistan imports a significant amount of its energy requirements. When international oil prices increase, the country’s import bill can rise, potentially increasing demand for foreign currency. Lower oil prices may reduce some import costs, depending on overall energy consumption and market conditions. 5. Global US Dollar Performance The US dollar is influenced by international economic developments, interest rate decisions and financial market conditions. Changes in US monetary policy and global investor confidence can affect the dollar’s value against currencies worldwide, including the Pakistani rupee. How Does the Dollar Rate Affect People in Pakistan? Changes in the USD to PKR exchange rate can affect different parts of the Pakistani economy. Impact on Imported Products A higher dollar rate can increase the cost of imported products, particularly when businesses pass higher import costs on to customers. Electronics, machinery, petroleum products and imported industrial materials may be affected. Impact on Overseas Payments Students, businesses and individuals making international payments may need more Pakistani rupees when the dollar becomes more expensive. The final amount also depends on the bank’s exchange rate and applicable transaction charges. Impact on Pakistani Exporters A weaker rupee can increase the value of foreign currency earnings when converted into Pakistani rupees. However, exporters may also face higher costs for imported raw materials, equipment and other business expenses. Impact on Overseas Pakistanis The exchange rate matters to overseas Pakistanis sending money to their families. When the rupee’s value changes, the amount received in Pakistan for a particular foreign currency transfer may also change. How to Check the Latest Dollar Rate in Pakistan People can check updated USD to PKR exchange rates through reliable financial information sources. Useful sources include: Always

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Riphah University Delegation Completes Successful Maldives Visit Education

Riphah University Strengthens Academic Ties with Maldives

Riphah International University has completed an important academic visit to the Maldives, strengthening educational cooperation between Pakistan and the island nation. The visit brought together university leaders, medical education experts and diplomatic representatives to discuss new opportunities in research, international learning and professional development. A major achievement of the visit was the successful organisation of the Hybrid Boutique International Conference on Medical Education (ICME 2026), held in collaboration with the Maldives National University (MNU). Alongside the conference, the Pakistani delegation engaged with local educational institutions and diplomatic officials to explore ways of building stronger long-term academic relationships. The visit highlighted the growing role of international university partnerships in improving education, supporting research and preparing healthcare professionals for future challenges. Pakistan and Maldives Strengthen Educational Cooperation Academic relations between Pakistan and the Maldives received fresh attention during the Riphah International University delegation’s visit in October 2026. The delegation participated in meetings and educational activities focused on encouraging cooperation between universities in both countries. These engagements covered important areas such as academic exchanges, collaborative research, professional training and new learning programmes. For Pakistani universities, international cooperation creates opportunities to share knowledge and learn from educational systems in other countries. Such partnerships can also help institutions explore new teaching methods and improve the quality of their academic programmes. The Maldives visit provided Riphah International University with an opportunity to develop these connections and discuss future areas of cooperation. ICME 2026 Brings International Medical Education Experts Together One of the most important events during the visit was the Hybrid Boutique International Conference on Medical Education 2026. The conference was jointly organised by Riphah International University and the Maldives National University. Held under the theme “Shaping the Future of Health Professions Education: Innovation, Leadership and Excellence,” the event brought together academics, researchers, healthcare professionals and educational leaders. Participants discussed how universities and medical institutions can improve teaching practices while responding to changing healthcare needs. The conference also explored the importance of modern technology, better professional training and stronger educational leadership. The international gathering gave participants an opportunity to exchange ideas, discuss research and share practical approaches to improving health sciences education. Artificial Intelligence and Modern Teaching Methods Discussed Technology played an important role in the discussions at ICME 2026. Medical education is changing as universities introduce digital learning platforms, advanced assessment methods and artificial intelligence into their teaching systems. During the conference, participants explored how these developments could support students, teachers and healthcare professionals. Important areas included curriculum improvement, student assessment, faculty development and technology-supported learning. The discussions also focused on maintaining educational quality while introducing innovative teaching methods. Artificial intelligence was examined as an emerging tool in medical education, particularly in relation to learning, assessment and professional development. However, effective healthcare education continues to depend on strong clinical knowledge, responsible teaching and practical experience. The conference offered a platform for institutions to consider how technology can support these goals. Senior Officials Attend Medical Education Conference in Maldives The event received attention from senior government and diplomatic representatives. Geela Ali, Maldives Minister of Health, Family and Welfare, attended the opening ceremony as chief guest. Pakistan’s High Commissioner to the Maldives, Vice Admiral (Retired) Faisal Rasul Lodhi, was also present. Their participation reflected the importance both countries place on educational cooperation and professional development. The conference provided an opportunity to discuss how medical education can contribute to improving healthcare systems and preparing skilled professionals. It also highlighted the value of cooperation between universities, policymakers and healthcare institutions. Riphah Delegation Holds Discussions with Villa College Beyond the medical education conference, the university delegation engaged with Villa College, another higher education institution in the Maldives. Discussions with the college’s leadership explored possible cooperation in several academic fields. These included joint research, faculty exchanges, student mobility, institutional partnerships and micro-credential programmes. Micro-credentials are shorter learning programmes designed to help participants develop specific knowledge or professional skills. Such programmes can complement traditional university education and provide opportunities for continuing professional development. The discussions with Villa College were exploratory. The reported visit did not establish that a new agreement covering all these areas had been formally signed. Nevertheless, the engagement identified several possible areas for future academic cooperation. Pakistani High Commissioner Supports University Engagement Diplomatic activities also formed an important part of the visit. Pakistan’s High Commissioner to the Maldives, Faisal Rasul Lodhi, hosted a breakfast reception in honour of the Riphah International University delegation. The gathering provided an opportunity for university representatives and diplomatic officials to strengthen professional relationships. Villa College also hosted a formal dinner at Hulhule Island Hotel. These meetings reflected the wider role of educational exchanges in maintaining relations between Pakistan and the Maldives. While diplomatic cooperation often focuses on government-level discussions, universities can contribute through research, academic partnerships and professional training. By connecting educators and institutions, such visits help create opportunities for continued dialogue. International Speakers Highlight Educational Leadership The medical education conference featured presentations from international experts who shared their knowledge of leadership, teaching and institutional development. Professor Vishna Devi, Deputy Vice Chancellor of IMU University and President-Elect of the Association for Medical Education in Europe, delivered an opening plenary addressing innovation and leadership in health professions education. Her presentation explored how academic leaders can respond to uncertainty and turn challenges into opportunities for improvement. Another major session was delivered by Dr. Divine Banubala, Chief Executive Officer of Ghana’s Medical and Dental Council. The session focused on institutional governance, leadership and organisational development. These discussions gave participants an opportunity to consider how effective management and stronger educational systems can support healthcare training. ICME 2027 Announced for Ghana Another important development was the announcement of Accra, Ghana, as the host city for Boutique ICME 2027. According to Riphah International University, the next event will be jointly hosted by Riphah and Wisconsin International University College in Ghana. The announcement extends the conference initiative beyond South Asia and creates another opportunity for international academic cooperation. The planned event is expected to provide a platform for discussing medical

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Meat From Animals Infected News

Meat From Animals Infected With Lumpy Skin Disease Seized in Lahore

Food safety is something we all take for granted until a story like this lands in the news. A large batch of unsafe beef was found in Lahore, and it got people talking about what they actually put on their plates. In this article, I’ll walk you through what happened, what lumpy skin disease really is, and what it means for your family. I’ll also show you simple ways to protect yourself when you buy meat. I’ll keep things simple and honest. No scary exaggeration, and no false comfort either. What Happened: Meat From Animals Infected With Lumpy Skin Disease Seized in Lahore On October 30, 2026, a Punjab Food Authority (PFA) team carried out an operation in Lahore. The PFA destroyed 900 kilograms of meat from animals infected with lumpy skin disease during an operation in Lahore’s Kot Lakhpat area. That’s close to a ton of beef that never reached a single kitchen. The Operation in Kot Lakhpat The operation took place under the direction of the PFA Director General. Officials recovered the meat from a beef shop and took the supplier’s vehicle into custody. Taking the vehicle matters. It shows the authority is going after the supply chain and not only the shopkeeper at the end of it. What the Inspectors Found The team didn’t rely on guesswork. They noticed a foul smell, a discoloured look, and signs of lumpy skin disease in the meat. A veterinary specialist then examined the stock. He declared it unfit for human consumption and said the supplier had illegally slaughtered infected animals to sell their meat in the market. What Happened to the Meat The authority destroyed the entire 900kg consignment on the spot so it could not be sold or eaten. Destroying it right there is the safest move. Seized meat that gets moved around can sometimes find its way back into the market through the back door. Understanding Lumpy Skin Disease in Simple Words Before we go further, let’s get clear on the disease itself. Many people hear “lumpy skin disease” and imagine something that can jump to humans. That’s not the case, and I’ll explain why shortly. What Causes It Lumpy skin disease, or LSD, is a viral infection of cattle and buffalo. The virus spreads mainly through biting insects like mosquitoes and ticks. Think of it as a farm animal illness that travels by insect bite and by movement of animals from one place to another. Signs You Can See in Cattle Sick animals look unwell. Veterinary experts describe painful skin nodules, fever, loss of appetite, and a sharp drop in milk production. The lumps are hard to miss. They show up on the skin, and they can spread across the body. A farmer who knows his animals will often spot the trouble early. Why It Hurts Farmers So Much An infected cow gives less milk and loses weight. It can’t work or grow the way a healthy one does. For a small farmer who owns just a few animals, that’s a real hit to the family income. Some animals recover, while others die. That uncertainty is why many farmers panic and sometimes make bad choices, like rushing a sick animal to a butcher. How Lumpy Skin Disease Reached Pakistan This isn’t a new problem for us, and the history helps explain why it keeps coming back. The First Reports The disease was first reported in Pakistan in November 2021 from Bahawalpur in Punjab. Experts at that time suggested animals may have crossed borders from places where the disease already existed. After that, it moved to other parts of the country. The Spread Across Provinces Over the next few years, outbreaks showed up in Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Punjab. A research paper from a Lahore university notes that southern Punjab was hit harder than the north. Later reports also described cases in districts like Rahim Yar Khan and others that border Sindh and Balochistan, with worries that the virus could creep northward. Why It Keeps Returning There are a few reasons: When these three things line up, the disease finds new animals to infect. That’s one reason the Lahore seizure should not surprise us. Lumpy Skin Disease and Human Health: What Experts Say This is the part where I want to be extra clear, because mixed messages cause panic. The Disease Does Not Infect Humans Veterinary experts have said it plainly. A spokesperson from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences in Lahore called it a completely non-zoonotic disease, which means it doesn’t pass from animals to people. Another report quotes a researcher who explained that humans do not have the receptors the virus needs to cause infection. So no, you will not “catch” lumpy skin disease from beef. Let’s put that worry to rest. Then Why Was the Meat Declared Unsafe Here’s where the story gets more serious. The danger in the Lahore case wasn’t only the virus. It was the whole condition of the meat and the way it was produced. The same Dawn report notes that a veterinary expert said meat from an infected animal can be fine if it is cooked well. That advice applies to a properly handled animal, slaughtered under inspection, and kept clean and cold. The meat seized in Kot Lakhpat was a different story. It smelled bad and had changed color. It came from sick animals slaughtered illegally, with no proper check. Meat like that can carry bacteria and spoilage that have nothing to do with the LSD virus, and those can make you ill. A Simple Way to Remember It The virus itself is not the human threat. Sick animals, no inspection, poor storage, and spoiled meat are the threat. When you put them together, you get a product nobody should eat. Why Slaughtering Sick Animals Is a Serious Problem I want to be fair to everyone here. Most butchers and farmers do honest work. But a few people cut corners, and the damage they do is big.

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Earning Rs. 121,000 Monthly? You Could Be Among Pakistan’s Top 10% Earners Earn Money

Rs. 121,000 Monthly Salary in Pakistan: Are You Among the Top 10% Earners?

A monthly income of Rs. 121,000 may not seem particularly high in Pakistan, especially with rising household expenses. However, income inequality estimates suggest that earning this amount could place a person among the country’s highest-earning 10 percent of adults. Figures reported from the World Inequality Database (WID) show that the income required to enter Pakistan’s top 10 percent is approximately Rs. 121,443 per month. For the top 1 percent, the estimated monthly income requirement rises to nearly Rs. 440,000. These findings offer a different way to understand income levels in Pakistan, where the gap between average earners and the wealthiest groups remains substantial. The figures are based on income estimates for 2024, expressed at 2025 rates. They should not be treated as confirmed salary thresholds for 2026. Is Rs. 121,000 a High Monthly Income in Pakistan? The answer depends on how income is measured. According to the reported WID estimates, an individual with around Rs. 121,443 in monthly pre-tax income reaches the entry point for the top 10 percent of Pakistan’s adult income distribution. This means the person is positioned above approximately 90 percent of adults under the database’s income measurement. However, ranking highly does not necessarily mean living a wealthy lifestyle. Housing costs, electricity bills, education, transport, healthcare and family responsibilities can make the same income feel very different from one household to another. An income that supports a comfortable lifestyle in one area may be stretched across essential expenses elsewhere. Pakistan’s Income Rankings: Where Do You Stand? The income needed to enter Pakistan’s highest-earning groups increases sharply as the rankings become more selective. The following table presents the reported monthly and annual income thresholds. Income Group Monthly Income Required Annual Income Required Top 10% Rs. 121,443 Rs. 1.46 million Top 5% Rs. 188,511 Rs. 2.26 million Top 1% Rs. 439,852 Rs. 5.28 million Top 0.1% Around Rs. 1.93 million Around Rs. 23.2 million Source: World Inequality Database estimates for 2024, expressed at 2025 rates. Amounts are rounded where appropriate. The table highlights how quickly income requirements rise at the top of the distribution. Someone earning Rs. 125,000 monthly may be close to the top 10 percent threshold. But entering the highest-earning 1 percent requires considerably more income. These comparisons use total income estimates rather than employee salaries alone. Why Pakistan’s Top 1% Earners Are in a Different Income Range Pakistan’s top 1 percent income threshold is approximately Rs. 439,852 per month, more than three times the estimated entry point for the top 10 percent. The difference becomes even greater at the highest level. To enter the top 0.1 percent, a person needs an estimated Rs. 1.93 million in monthly income. That equals roughly Rs. 23.2 million over a year. These figures show that there are significant income differences even among Pakistan’s highest earners. The top 10 percent includes people who are just above its entry threshold as well as individuals receiving several times that amount. What Is the Average Monthly Income in Pakistan? The reported WID figures place average adult income in Pakistan at approximately Rs. 70,600 per month. That figure is substantially below the estimated Rs. 121,443 needed to enter the top 10 percent. However, the average should not be confused with the income earned by a typical worker. National income calculations cover more than regular employment earnings. They also include income from other economic sources. This matters because higher earnings among a relatively small group can raise the national average. Average Income Among Pakistan’s Highest Earners The average income within the top groups is much higher than the minimum income required to enter them. According to the reported estimates: The difference between entry thresholds and group averages is important. A person can qualify for a high-income category while earning much less than the average income of everyone within that category. How Much of Pakistan’s Total Income Goes to the Richest Groups? Income inequality is not only about how much individuals earn. It also concerns how national income is distributed across the population. The WID-based figures reported for Pakistan show a large difference between the income received by the highest earners and the income received by the lower half of adults. <text>Reported shares of national income</text> Population Group Share of National Income Richest 10% 42.8% Richest 1% 16.7% Bottom 50% 17.3% The richest 1 percent is included within the richest 10 percent; these shares should not be added together. These estimates indicate that the highest-earning 10 percent receives more than two-fifths of national income. Meanwhile, the lower half of the population receives less than one-fifth. Such differences help explain why economic growth and higher average income do not necessarily produce the same financial improvements for everyone. Wealth Inequality Tells an Even Bigger Story Income and wealth are related, but they are not identical. Income is the money a person receives over a period, while wealth represents the value of assets owned after accounting for debts. A person may receive a high salary without owning substantial assets. Another individual may earn less from employment but hold valuable property, investments or business assets. The reported WID figures show that: This concentration is greater than the share of annual income received by the highest earners. The comparison shows why monthly earnings alone cannot provide a complete picture of financial inequality. Does Earning Rs. 121,000 Mean You Are Rich? Not necessarily. Income rankings compare people with one another. They do not measure whether an individual can comfortably manage household expenses or maintain a particular lifestyle. For example, someone earning Rs. 121,000 and supporting several family members may have limited savings after paying essential bills. Another person with the same income but fewer financial responsibilities may have more money available for savings and personal expenses. Living costs, existing debts, household size and financial obligations all affect purchasing power. Being in the top 10 percent of an income distribution does not automatically mean having strong savings, financial security or significant wealth. This is why an income ranking should be viewed as an

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Saudi Arabia Same-Day Visa News

Saudi Arabia Same-Day Visa Processing for Pakistanis 2026

Planning a quick trip to Saudi Arabia, and need your visa sorted fast? You are not alone. Every year, thousands of Pakistanis travel to the Kingdom for Umrah, family visits, business meetings, events and tourism. Most of them want one thing: a visa that does not eat up weeks of their time. In this guide, I will walk you through how fast Saudi visa processing really works for Pakistani passport holders in 2026. I will keep it honest, simple and practical. Rules change often, so I will also show you where to check the latest details yourself. Saudi Arabia Same-Day Visa Processing for Pakistanis 2026 Let me start with the big picture. Saudi Arabia has moved most of its visa system online. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs runs an electronic visa system, and the official tourist eVisa portal is the main starting point for eligible travelers. For many applicants, an approved eVisa can arrive within minutes or hours after a clean application. That is where the “same-day” idea comes from. When your passport is valid, your photo is correct, your details match and your payment goes through, the system can respond very quickly. But same-day is a best-case result, not a promise. Some applications take longer. Some need extra checks. Some are refused. Your outcome depends on your passport, your travel history, your purpose of visit and the current policy for Pakistani citizens. Think of same-day processing as something you can aim for by preparing well, not something you can demand. Why So Many Pakistanis Search for Fast Visas Travel plans often change suddenly. A relative falls sick. A business deal moves forward. A cheap flight appears. A last-minute Umrah window opens. In moments like these, waiting two or three weeks feels painful. That is why fast processing has become such a popular topic in 2026. What Changed in Recent Years Saudi Arabia opened its doors to tourism in a big way, and the visa system became digital. Pakistan was included in the electronic visa plans announced by the Saudi Foreign Ministry. Later, the Kingdom also adjusted some visit visa rules for several countries, Pakistan among them, starting in early 2025. Because of these updates, always read the current rules before you pay anyone. What Same-Day Visa Processing Really Means The phrase sounds simple, but people use it in different ways. Some mean “I got my visa in a few hours.” Others mean “an agent told me I will get it today if I pay extra.” These are very different things. The Honest Meaning of Same-Day A same-day Saudi visa means your application was reviewed and approved within the same calendar day you submitted it. This usually happens through the official online system when everything is correct. No office visit is needed in many cases. No courier is involved. You get an electronic document, often by email, that you can print or save on your phone. What Same-Day Does Not Mean It does not mean a guaranteed visa. It does not mean you can skip documents. It does not mean anyone can “push” your file through a secret door. Nobody outside the government can promise approval. If someone does, treat that as a warning sign. Factors That Slow Things Down Several small things can add delay: If you fix these before you apply, you give yourself the best chance of a fast result. Who Can Apply for a Saudi Visa from Pakistan Not every Pakistani traveler uses the same route. Your purpose of travel decides which visa fits you. Tourists and Short-Stay Visitors If you want to visit cities like Riyadh, Jeddah, AlUla or the Red Sea coast, the tourist eVisa is usually the route to check first. It is built for leisure, family visits and events. Reports in 2026 list a maximum stay of about thirty days on the standard tourist option, but the exact length can change, so confirm it on the portal. Umrah Pilgrims The Saudi tourist visa can also allow Umrah for eligible nationalities, though not Hajj. For Pakistanis, however, the common route in 2026 is a licensed Umrah operator who processes the visa through the Saudi Masar system. The consumer Nusuk platform has not been accepting direct Umrah visa applications from Pakistani passport holders, according to recent travel guides. So for Umrah, you will most likely work with an approved operator. Business and Work Travelers Business visit visas depend on an invitation or a registered company in Saudi Arabia. Work visas are a separate path altogether. They need an employer, a work contract and several approvals. These are rarely same-day. If your trip is for employment, plan for a longer timeline. Family Visit Visas Relatives living in the Kingdom can often sponsor visits. Sponsorship rules, income conditions and relationship proof apply here. This route usually needs more paperwork and more time than a simple tourist eVisa. Saudi Visa Types for Pakistanis at a Glance Here is a quick comparison to help you choose the right path. Table 1: Common Saudi visa routes for Pakistani travelers Visa Route Best For How You Apply Speed (Typical) Tourist eVisa Leisure, events, family trips Official online portal Minutes to a few hours when approved Umrah visa Pilgrimage Licensed Pakistani operator via Masar Often 1 to several days Business visit visa Meetings, trade, conferences Online with invitation or sponsor Several days Family visit visa Visiting relatives Sponsor-linked application Several days to weeks Work visa Employment Employer-led process Weeks Use this table as a general guide only. Timing is never fixed, and the Saudi authorities can update rules without much warning. Documents You Need Before You Start Preparation is the real secret of fast processing. Most delays come from missing or wrong documents, not from the system itself. Core Documents Almost Everyone Needs Extra Documents for Specific Cases Umrah travelers may need proof of vaccination and the other health items set by the Saudi Ministry of Health for the season. Business travelers may need an invitation letter. Family visitors may

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How to Apply for Small Business Loans Through SBP Online Business

How to Apply for Small Business Loans Through SBP Online

Small business owners in Pakistan now have a new way to request financing without starting the application process through different banking websites. The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has introduced SMEConnect, a digital platform that allows eligible businesses to apply for financing and monitor their applications online. The service is designed for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) looking for financial support to manage business operations, purchase equipment, expand production or meet other business needs. Under the new arrangement, all SME financing applications must be submitted through SMEConnect from November 1, 2026. The central bank officially announced the system on October 29, 2026, as part of its efforts to improve access to business financing and make the application process more transparent. Instead of managing separate application procedures, business owners can use one platform to provide their information, request financing from a participating bank and check the progress of their application. However, using the portal does not mean every business will automatically receive a loan. Banks and development finance institutions (DFIs) will continue reviewing applications and making lending decisions. Here is everything business owners should know before applying. What Is SBP SMEConnect and How Does It Work? SMEConnect is a centralised online financing portal developed under the State Bank of Pakistan’s initiative to support small and medium businesses. Its main purpose is to create a single digital connection between business owners and financial institutions. The platform allows applicants to prepare a business profile, submit a financing request and follow the progress of their case from one online dashboard. One important feature is that users can see the status of their applications rather than depending entirely on telephone calls or branch visits for updates. The system also allows unsuccessful applicants to view the reasons for rejection, improving transparency in the lending process. SMEConnect at a Glance Feature Information Official platform SMEConnect Launched by State Bank of Pakistan Announcement date October 29, 2026 Mandatory application date November 1, 2026 Who can apply? Eligible SMEs Application method Online Available languages English and Urdu Financing providers Banks and DFIs Application tracking Available online Official website smeconnect.sbp.org.pk The introduction of this system is an important development for businesses that want a more organised way to approach banks for financing. New SBP Loan Application Rules Starting November 1, 2026 The State Bank has instructed financial institutions to use SMEConnect as the common channel for receiving SME financing applications. This means that businesses seeking new SME financing will need to submit their requests through the portal starting November 1, 2026. The change also applies to people who approach banks through their existing branches or websites. Bank staff must guide applicants towards SMEConnect and provide assistance with submitting online applications. Banks and DFIs have also been directed to place links to the platform on their official websites and applications. The new arrangement aims to make financing requests easier to manage and monitor. It does not remove the bank’s responsibility to assess an applicant’s financial position, repayment capacity and other lending requirements. Who Can Apply for a Small Business Loan in Pakistan? SMEConnect is intended for businesses that fall within the applicable SME financing framework. These may include businesses involved in retail, manufacturing, trading, services and other commercial activities. However, the type and size of a business can affect which financing products are available. The State Bank revised its SME classification in July 2026, using annual sales turnover to define business categories. Business Category Annual Sales Turnover Micro enterprise Up to Rs. 30 million Small enterprise Above Rs. 30 million to Rs. 400 million Medium enterprise Above Rs. 400 million to Rs. 2 billion Under the revised definitions, a micro, small or medium enterprise operating for up to five years may also fall within the regulatory definition of a startup. These categories help identify businesses for regulatory purposes. They do not automatically establish eligibility for a particular loan. Each bank may assess additional factors, including the business’s financial records, existing liabilities, repayment ability and applicable lending policies. Business owners should check the eligibility conditions for the financing they want before submitting an application. What Information Should You Prepare Before Applying? Preparing the necessary information in advance can make the online process easier. SMEConnect requires applicants to provide personal, banking and business-related information. The following details are useful to have ready: Information Why It Is Needed CNIC To identify the applicant Mobile number Registration and communication Email address Account access and updates Business bank IBAN Bank account verification Business name Business identification Business address Business profile NTN Tax registration information Business activity Nature of operations Establishment year Business history Annual sales Business size and financial assessment Required financing amount Financing request Preferred financing period Repayment planning Depending on the bank and financing product, applicants may also need supporting documents, such as financial records, account statements or business registration documents. The exact requirements can vary. Important: Keep your personal and business details accurate. Incorrect information may create verification problems or delay the bank’s assessment. How to Apply for Small Business Loans Through SBP Online The SMEConnect application process is designed to help business owners complete their financing requests through a digital system. Follow these steps to get started. Step 1: Open the Official SMEConnect Website Start by visiting the official platform: The portal provides information about SME financing and access to its registration and login options. New applicants should choose the registration option to create an account. The registration form asks for details such as your name, CNIC, mobile number, email address and password. After providing the required information, complete the verification process using the security code sent to your registered contact details. Once the account has been verified, you can sign in and continue setting up your profile. Existing users can log in with their registered credentials. Security tip: Use the official website and keep your password and verification codes private. Never provide your login details to an unknown person claiming to arrange guaranteed financing. Step 2: Connect Your Business Banking

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Sialkot Kharian Motorway Construction News

Sialkot-Kharian Motorway Delayed Until February 2028

If you live in Sialkot, Gujrat, or Kharian, you have probably heard the news by now. The long-awaited M-12 motorway will not open on its old schedule. A new target date has been set, and it is later than many people hoped. In this article, I will walk you through what happened, why it happened, and what it means for you, your business, and your daily travel. I will keep things simple and stick to facts from official statements and trusted news reports. I wrote this to be useful, so you will not find confusing jargon here. Sialkot-Kharian Motorway Delayed Until February 2028: What We Know So Far Let me start with the headline. The 69-kilometer Sialkot (Sambrial)-Kharian Motorway, known as M-12, is behind schedule, with only about 20 percent of the work finished, according to details the federal government shared with the Punjab government. That is a small share of the work for a project that began years ago. The New Deadline in Plain Words The project was launched in October 2022 and was first supposed to be finished in September 2024. Sources now say the deadline has moved to February 2028. So we are talking about a gap of roughly three and a half years between the first promise and the new date. You can read the original report on ProPakistani if you want to see the source for yourself. Where the Work Stands Today Just a day before that report, the federal communications minister held a meeting with the National Highway Authority, or NHA. Officials told that meeting that 21 percent of the work on the Sambrial–Kharian Motorway had been completed so far. The numbers differ by a single point, but they tell the same story. The road is built only a little over one-fifth of the way. A lot of earthwork, bridge work, and paving still lies ahead. Here is the good part. The minister did not accept the delay quietly. He pushed the NHA to work faster, and I will explain that in detail later in this article. Quick Look at the M-12 Project Before we go deeper, it helps to see the basic facts in one place. Think of this as your cheat sheet for the whole story. Table 1: Key Facts About the M-12 Motorway Detail Information Official name Sialkot (Sambrial)-Kharian Motorway, M-12 Length 69 kilometers Lanes Six-lane design Major structure 1,043-meter bridge over the River Chenab Project cost About Rs 89.739 billion Work started October 2022 Original deadline September 2024 Revised deadline February 2028 Reported progress Around 20 to 21 percent Responsible body National Highway Authority (NHA) The project involves a 69-kilometer, six-lane motorway and includes a 1,043-meter bridge over the River Chenab. That bridge is a big deal, and it has played a large role in the delays. I will come back to it in a moment. How the Project Began: A Short Timeline To understand the delay, you need to know where this road came from. The M-12 did not appear overnight. It is the middle piece of a much bigger plan to link Lahore with Rawalpindi through Sialkot and Kharian. Table 2: M-12 Motorway Timeline at a Glance Year What Happened March 2020 Lahore-Sialkot Motorway (M-11) opens to traffic 2021 Contract for M-12 awarded; project paperwork approved October 2022 Construction begins 2024 Design changed from four lanes to six lanes September 2024 Original completion target August 2026 Government approves financial guarantees October 2026 Minister orders faster progress and early finish February 2028 Revised completion target Here are a few extra details behind those dates. The NHA awarded the contract for the 69-kilometre M-12 project to a partnership of the Frontier Works Organization (FWO) and SMC Private Limited. Prime Minister Imran Khan later performed the groundbreaking, and the project was described as an important public-private partnership that would help both travelers and goods moving out of Sialkot’s industries. So the plan looked solid on paper. The route was clear, the builders were chosen, and the ceremony was done. Then reality got in the way. Why the Deadline Moved from September 2024 to February 2028 Big road projects rarely slip for just one reason, and M-12 is no exception. Based on official statements and news reports, three main problems stand out. Let me take them one by one. Money Problems and Funding Gaps Money is the first big issue. Sources told ProPakistani that a shortage of funds and slow processing of land notifications by the Sialkot and Gujrat district administrations have hurt construction. The project follows a public-private partnership model. In simple terms, a private partner builds the road and the government backs the deal. That setup only works when the financing is locked in. When funds are tight, or when banks wait for guarantees, work slows down or stops. That is what appears to have happened here. There is some hope on this front. The Economic Coordination Committee approved sovereign guarantees worth Rs 27.62 billion in August 2026 to help the project reach financial close. A sovereign guarantee is a promise from the government that lenders will be repaid. It gives banks the comfort they need to release money. Land Acquisition Delays The second problem is land. A motorway needs a long, continuous strip of land, and getting that land takes time. Officials must measure plots, notify owners, settle payments, and handle disputes. The report says the Prime Minister’s Office has named faster land acquisition as a key requirement for finishing the motorway. That tells us the government itself sees land as a major roadblock. If a single stretch of land stays unavailable, the builder cannot move forward in that section, even if everything else is ready. Design Changes Along the Way The third problem is that the plan itself changed. A federal official explained that the project was delayed because of realignment after a hydraulic model study of the Chenab bridge, hyperinflation, and the switch from four lanes to six. Those factors forced a renegotiation of the public-private

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